How much do we know about Stonehenge? Less than we think. And what has Stonehenge got to do with the Ice Age? More than we might think. This blog is mostly devoted to the problems of where the Stonehenge bluestones came from, and how they got from their source areas to the monument. Now and then I will muse on related Stonehenge topics which have an Ice Age dimension...
THE BOOK
Some of the ideas discussed in this blog are published in my new book called "The Stonehenge Bluestones" -- available by post and through good bookshops everywhere. Bad bookshops might not have it....
To order, click HERE
Some of the ideas discussed in this blog are published in my new book called "The Stonehenge Bluestones" -- available by post and through good bookshops everywhere. Bad bookshops might not have it....
To order, click HERE
Wednesday 28 December 2011
On the significance -- or otherwise -- of >99.9%
Amid all of the recent media frenzy relating to the Rhosyfelin paper (Ixer and Bevins 2011), Rob has encouraged us to concentrate on the paper itself rather than on the hype and nonsense appearing in sections of the media. That's fair enough, although as I have pointed out some of the hype and misunderstandings must be down to ambiguities in the press release which flagged up the importance of the paper to an outside world which has never been particularly well informed. So as a service to our faithful blogging community, not all of whom have access to the paper itself, I have escaped from the Christmas mayhem for a little while and -- while others snooze -- have had a good look through the article. I have copied a few key extracts at the base of this post. Some of the main points to come from the article are as follows:
1. At the Pembrokeshire end, 39 samples were investigated from the Pont Saeson - Brynberian - Crosswell area. Within this total, 12 were from Pont Saeson - Craig Rhosyfelin, collected in June 2011. A further 20 samples were collected in 1978. A further 7 samples were collected in 2010 by BJ, MPP and others. To be more specific, 19 out of the 39 samples were from Craig Rhosyfelin, and seven from Pont Saeson -- the area around SN 1158 3599 9 (near the bend in the river, about 200m SSE of the Rhosyfelin rocky spur ).
2. At the Stonehenge end, samples (an unspecified number) were analysed from excavations in the Stonehenge Avenue, Trench 44 and 45, the Aubrey Holes, from around the Heelstone, and the Darvill - Wainwright 2008 Stonehenge excavations. We don't know how many fragments from the Stonehenge layer were collected and how many were rejected. Neither do we know what proportion of the fragments were sarsen, or flint, or dolerite, or spotted dolerite, or other rock types, or rhyolite. We do not know how typical of the Stonehenge Layer the sampled areas actually are. So there is a strong bias in the collection of the samples. All we do know is that within the collection of RHYOLITE fragments from the sampled locations the link between those chips and flakes and the Craig Rhosyfelin outcrops seems to be strong.
3. The samples taken from near Pont Saeson appear to match very closely a rhyolite sample taken from the Cursus Field (Ixer and Bevins 2010).
4. The samples taken from Locality 8 near the tip of the Rhosyfelin rocky spur match very closely with two Stonehenge samples -- one fragment from near the Heelstone, and another from the Darvill-Wainwright 2008 excavation.
5. The four standing Stonehenge rhyolite bluestones numbered SH38, SH40, SH46 and SH48 do not match any of the rhyolites found at Pont Saeson or Rhosyfelin. However, some rhyolite fragments at Stonehenge do match standing stone SH48. Source unknown. Work is ongoing on these other rhyolites.
6. In the Pont Saeson - Craig Rhosyfelin area, the peculiar foliated rhyolites described in this paper seem to occur over an area of "a few hundred square metres."
7. There is a suggestion that orthostats SH46 and SH48 might match with lithic-crystal tuff outcrops lower down the valley and about 300m NW of Craig Rhosyfelin.
8. According to the authors, in excess of 99.9% of of the Stonehenge rhyolitic ‘debitage’ can be petrographically matched to the rhyolitic rocks found around Craig Rhosyfelin and Pont Saeson. It is largely because of that statement that the media have become obsessed with the idea that the source of the bluestones has now been found. However, as I have pointed out before on this blog, the >99.9% figure is meaningless, since we have no idea how many rhyolite fragments have been examined, how they were distributed in the Stonehenge Layer, how close together the collection points were, and what degree of selection was employed in the collection of samples during the respective digs. Percentage figures like this should never be used without a full presentation of the numerical data from which they are supposedly derived. In any case, we have no idea which rhyolites occur in the Stonehenge Layer in those large segments of Stonehenge that have not been excavated, and in the soils of the area around Stonehenge, and what their frequency may be.
9. There seems to be an assumption that the stump of orthostat SH32e could be an exact match with the samples from Locality 8 in the Rhosyfelin geological sampling exercise. However, we should bear in mind that no samples from that stump have been examined, and that the suggestion is based entirely upon an examination of the photographs in the Atkinson collection. Clearly some real science is needed on this matter........
10. I take issue with the authors over their suggestion that the narrowing down of rhyolite sources to a very small area, and in one case to within a few square metres, "is perhaps suggestive of human agency" in the transport of the bluestones. They argue that "a large number of different rock types from disparate areas" would suggest a glacial or "natural transport mechanism" -- but they imply that their research is not helpful to those who argue for glacial transport. They also seem to think that the "transport problem" now needs to be solved by archaeologists -- inevitably through a search for Neolithic quarries at Craig Rhosyfelin. I disagree with that too, as I have told Rob many times. In my view the problem needs to be solved by reference to glaciology and geomorphology.
My reading of the evidence presented? It looks as if this is a classic case of glacial entrainment, with rhyolitic and related rocks picked up by overriding ice from a stretch of the Afon Brynberian valley which is about 500m long and maybe 100m wide, from north to south. That's an area of 50,000 sq m. The provenancing of one or two of these rocks to a very small area on the ridge of Craig Rhosyfelin is an excellent and exciting geological development. It also appears that the stones from this locality (which may or may not have been orthostats or pillars) have been largely destroyed and redistributed as flakes or fragments -- although it may be that stump 32e is all that is left of one of them. In my view none of this work has any archaeological significance -- and it has no bearing on the bluestone transport debate. I can understand why Rob has reiterated several times on this blog that the transport issue is one that he treats with sublime indifference -- and assume that the hints about human agency were inserted into the paper in deference to the fact that it was published by an archaeological journal!
====================
SOME EXTRACTS
The local geology:
In the Pont Saeson area the Fishguard Volcanic Group
comprises a strongly foliated to foliated and lensoidal
rhyolitic rock the like of which is not seen elsewhere in
the outcrop of the group across the 32 km of strike section
from Pen Caer in the west to Crymych in the east. These
very distinctive rhyolitic rocks can be traced for no more
than 150 m from the northeasternmost end of Craig Rhosy-
felin. The foliation strikes quite consistently at between
040-050°, dipping to the northwest at between 40-80°
(Figure 2). Whilst the fabric is macroscopically typically
planar in thin section it can be seen to be lensoidal where
there are included, typically flattened, ovoid lithic clasts
which are usually 2 – 3 cm in maximum length (Figure
3), although larger elongate clasts up to 5 cm can be
located. These clasts are microtonalite. The main rock
is commonly traversed by thin (mm scale) quartz veins
which are tightly folded, with their folds being axial
planar to the foliation.
Field sampling:
Twelve accurately located in situ samples from Pont
Saeson (and especially Craig Rhos-y-felin) were collected
in June 2011. The sampling locations are shown in Figure
1. .... Polished sections were made of each of the twelve samples. These samples
augmented the original twenty in situ samples collected
by Bevins in 1978, during a reconnaissance study of the
Ordovician rocks of the Pont Saeson area. Due to this
the 1978 samples were not collected with the degree of
accuracy of the 2011 samples. These older samples are
provenanced therefore more generally at two locations
with grid references centred on SN 1166 3615 and SN
1158 3599. Additional samples from Craig Rhos-y-felin
collected by Mike Parker Pearson (2010) and Brian John
(2010) were also studied in order to be certain that the
full range of lithologies had been sampled.
In total thirty-nine lithics were investigated including nineteen from
Craig Rhos-y-felin and seven from the rhyolitic outcrops
centred on SN 1158 3599. Following a thorough
macroscopical description, detailed ‘total petrography’
as defined by Ixer (1994) and Ixer et al (2004) was
undertaken on the polished thin sections using both
transmitted and reflected light.
at the Stonehenge end:
These were compared with polished thin sections
of macroscopically similar rocks (groups A-D) from
the excavations of the Stonehenge Avenue, Trench 44
and 45, Aubrey Holes and the April 2008 Stonehenge
excavations.
----------------
Almost all (>99.9%) of the Stonehenge rhyolitic ‘debitage’
can be petrographically matched to rhyolitic rocks found
within a few hundred square metres at Pont Saeson and
especially to those found at Craig Rhos-y-felin. However,
it is possible in a few cases, where the petrography of
these Welsh in situ rocks is so distinctive, to suggest an
even finer provenance to within square metres, namely to
individual outcrops.
NB this statement:
One sub-crop, however, namely Craig Rhos-y-felin
Locality 8 appears to be the unique origin of the highly
distinctive Jovian fabric (an extreme combination of a
foliation with a strongly associated lensoidal fabric) seen
within some of the Stonehenge rhyolitic ‘debitage’. The
outcrop is situated at the extreme northeastern end of
Craig Rhos-y-felin.
Two Stonehenge samples have been matched with Craig Rhosyfelin Locality 8
Stonehenge Heel Stone area 1979 SH 79+520
M/L2 31.5.79 Excavated by Pitts (1982).
Rhyolite with fabric. 37.0gms after sectioning.
Stonehenge Excavation STH08 Context 3
G/2 Find No. 738 Excavated by Darvill and
Wainwright 2008.
Rhyolite with good planar fabric. Weight 72gms A
classical example of Group C.
(The 3 samples were deemed to have a common origin.)
Conclusions
Detailed collecting and identification of in situ rocks
from Pont Saeson and comparison with Stonehenge
material allows for a number of important conclusions.
The overwhelming majority of the Stonehenge rhyolitic
‘debitage’, namely that belonging to Groups A-C, can be
sourced from the Pont Saeson area and perhaps entirely
from Craig Rhos-y-felin, but from more than one site on
the crags.
The four standing Stonehenge orthostats SH38, SH40,
SH46 and SH48 offer no petrographical match for any
rhyolitic lithology at Pont Saeson.
In essence therefore Pont Saeson area may be the
dominant origin for the rhyolitic ‘debitage’ (Groups A-C)
but is eliminated as the source of any of the four standing
Stonehenge orthostats (SH38, SH40, SH46 and SH48).
It may be possible to go further. In 2011 Ixer and
Bevins stated that buried orthostat SH32e could also
originate from the Pont Saeson area and if that were so
“it would be the first non-preselite bluestone orthostat
to be precisely provenanced”. Examination of the Craig
Rhos-y-felin outcrops and comparison with photographs
of SH32e in excavation strengthens this belief and,
sometime when SH32e is re-examined and its foliation
described in detail, it should be possible to exactly match
the artefact to sub-crops at Craig Rhos-y-felin.
As importantly, the three macroscopically different
rocks (Groups A-C), originally assumed to have different
geographical provenances, are now shown to have a single
geographical origin. The number of discrete geographical
sources for the Stonehenge bluestones is of much
significance in the nature versus human transport debate,
with a large number of different rock types from disparate
areas supporting a natural transporting mechanism
whereas a restricted number of geographical origins is
perhaps suggestive of a human agency.
Ixer and Bevins (2010) declared that “The discovery of
the stilpnomelane lensoidal rhyolites is the first time that
a non-dolerite bluestone has been clearly provenanced, it
will not be the last”. It should be noted that the envisioned
provenance area was several hundreds of square metres.
This statement has proved to be correct and can now be
strengthened to state that ‘This is the first time that any
lithics from Stonehenge have been unequivocally assigned
to an area of a few square metres, namely to within a very
small single outcrop or couple of outcrops; it may not be
the last’.
It is now possible to attempt a focussed archaeological
examination of these restricted areas with some scientific
justification. These areas should include Locality 3 but
especially Locality 8 at the termination of Craig Rhosy-
felin.
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14 comments:
Your excellent summary of the article's main points reminds us how careful one needs to be when presenting research conclusions when based upon analysis of quantities of data.
Statistical analysis has to be thorough and painstaking, and conclusions may go no further than the extent of data collection allows.
Brian
I agree with you about the quoted statistics.
For the authors to claim that a "specific" percentage, of the Rhyolitic 'debitage'at Stonehenge, has been petrologically matched to the Rhyolitic rocks at the locations quoted. Would require that 100 percent of the Stonehenge Rhyolitic 'debitage' was analysed.
The claim that the authors have analysed 100 percent of the Rhyolitic 'debitage' seems dubious to me.
I would understand if they state that in excess of 99.9 per cent of the Rhyolitic 'debitage' they analysed, matched the rocks at the specified locations.
Are you sure that you're not mis quoting the quantity of the Stonehenge Rhyolitic 'debitage' they claim to have analysed?.
There is a considerable difference, between claiming to have analysed every piece of debitage and matched it to a source location and claiming to have matched every piece of debitage you've analysed to a source location!!.
Brian,
Great reporting of the scientific facts! Though the science is impressive, the interpretation of the facts is troublesome. I like you fail to see the significance of all this to the real issue at hand of natural vs. human agency. What keeps flashing in my thinking is this:
Though we may now know the 'exact' sourcing of the rhyolite fragments in the 'debitage' at Stonehenge we still lack any sensible explanation (if we were to assume human agency) how and why these rhyolite fragments got to Stonehenge from the Rhosyfelin outcrop.
With some stretch of the imagination one can imagine people carrying megaliths from Wales to Stonehenge. But why in the world would they carry stone fragments?
The suggestion the fragments were made during a 'stone destruction phase' in SH history is just not convincing in my view.
If for some unexplainable reason people turned 'against the stones' they once so revered, they would topple them but would not expand so much effort in completely breaking them up to little pieces using stone hammers!
It just does not make sense to me. Does it make sense to you? I wonder what our dear Dr Ixer has to say about that. Or his interests keep him from questioning.
Kostas
Alex -- I agree with you that the authors should have chosen their words more carefully. They use this figure twice in the article:
"Ixer and Bevins (2011) described the petrography of
the four standing dacitic and rhyolitic bluestones from
Stonehenge and showed that Groups A-D, that represent
>99.9% of the ‘debitage’ rhyolites, could not be matched
to any of the four orthostats."
and
"Almost all (>99.9%) of the Stonehenge rhyolitic ‘debitage’
can be petrographically matched to rhyolitic rocks found
within a few hundred square metres at Pont Saeson and
especially to those found at Craig Rhos-y-felin."
I don't think there was any need to "oversell" the importance of the work in this way -- if they had said "almost all (>99.9%) of the COLLECTED rhyolite fragments" that would have been much better -- and more scientifically robust.
Thank you for posting this Brian.
Will take some time to digest!
Best wishes,
The Cat
Dear Kostas,
I am reliably informed by the BBC that bits of stone were brought along for their healing properties.
More seriously.
Many axes have been found of bluestone and they seem to have been a collectors item in the neolithic. I could imagine that neolithic entrepreneurs made quite a business making and trading such axes at the solstice celebrations in Wiltshire. The perhaps accounts for the lack of bluestone erratics in the vicinity - they were all turned into craft items.
Until recently I thought these chips resulted from visitor s from Prescelly traveling with their own DIY tool kit, much like in my area there are abundant flint chips but no flint. However, when traveling in those days it would have been like carrying coals to Newcastle. The mystery endures.
The suggestion that the fragments of rhyolitic fragments found at Stonehnge were from purposefully damaged stones was a suggestion ,a thought nothing more and nothing so grand as an hypothesis , and as a suggestion even from someone who might know something about the period or the monument ,like most such thoughts is more than likely wrong ,it was supported by the finds elsewhere from the same B.A. period locally in the UK and in the continent . We can’t possibly enter into the consciousness of how the iconoclasts approached their task “ that’s too big “ “ no fire involved therefore useless “ without much greater data but I thought (what should be ) the first two couple of pics may be interest http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/8875/hill_of_tuack.html ,they are from a the socket of a standing stone I was digging at the Hill of Tuach excavation last year and as such are the remains of a standing stone smashed to smithereens by probably post 18th-19th C iconoclasts they left the remains in the hole and made a good job of keeping the granite fragments to a fairly small size using (metal ) hammers not mauls .This is not to say that there is any kind of relationship between the two periods of action but merely to point out that trying to get into the consciousness of people from three thousand years ago with or without dollops of imagination and learning should not be the basis for considering the adequacy of the size of fragments .
Chris, thank you for that additional bit of the narrative. It demands believing beyond anything that we know about Stonehenge for sure. But even if we were to accept prehistoric bluestones had some mysterious 'healing power' and 'pilgrims to their source' brought with them mementos of these 'healing stones', why wont they take these sacred 'healing stones' to their huts where this 'healing power' can be felt by all (young and old, sick and healthy) rather than scattered at random at Stonehenge?
The practice I can understand. Pilgrims to sacred sites even today bring back 'something' to commemorate their pilgrimage. We know this because we have records of this. But we ascribe this to prehistoric people by belief only. But in my humble opinion this practice does not explain the presence of rhyolite fragments in the Stonehenge 'debitage'! Of course, like with sightings of saints, try to convince a 'true believer' of this.
Kostas
Geo Cur you write,
”... trying to get into the consciousness of people from three thousand years ago...”
Every explanation we have regarding Stonehenge does exactly that! With no written records and no irrefutable evidence on the grounds, all of these narratives by archeologists are just 'made up stories'. In my humble opinion!
Why would anybody want “the remains of a standing stone smashed to smithereens”? And pack these fragments in sockets and in niches?
Only one process I know does that. Floods and meltwater streams. What heavy debris gets in a pit or 'wall niche' will get trapped and stay in the pit. While everything else gets flushed down the stream.
Happy flushing!
Kostas
Read the context ,the stone was smashed to smithereens in the 18 -19 th C AD with metal hammers with the fragmments backfilled into the stone socket there is no mention of niches that was in the Berrybrae excavation report .This is already one more wasted post and I will address no more to you .
Geo Cur,
Quoting you directly, to set the context to my comment:
“ they are from a the socket of a standing stone I was digging at the Hill of Tuach excavation last year and as such are the remains of a standing stone smashed to smithereens by probably post 18th-19th C iconoclasts”
Sorry I misread the date. But the context to the date in your post was the smashing of stones by prehistoric people. What relevance to Stonehenge is the smashing to smithereens a megalith in the 18-19 th C [AD missing in your original comment] for purposes of backfilling a stone socket?
It's odd you should even bring this irrelevancy into discussion. Now I understand why I misread it! And certainly this bit of fact does nothing to disprove my larger point. Such findings of stone fragments in pits and niches may have better and more natural explanations. I offered one in my last post.
I understand your frustration with me! To spare you more unease, this will be my last post specifically directed to you. As for moisturizers, I don't use them!
Kostas
Why didn't you include/read the next sentence ?" This is not to say that there is any kind of relationship between the two periods of action " . Maybe now you can begin understand the frustration .
The reason the original AD was omitted was because I would expect anyone who knew anything about archaeology to be aware that you can’t date the smashing of rocks to within a century from the prehistoric period .And surely if you really thought that BC was intendedthe obvious question would have been to how the date would have been arrived at . From the later historic period it is much easier you can rely a bit more on accounts , photographs , plans etc .I did say the the dig was last year but that will only be applicable in in a fews days time .
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